The Indian Constitution is the supreme law of India, adopted by the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949, and came into effect on January 26, 1950. It is known for its comprehensive nature and incorporates several key features. Here are some notable features of the Indian Constitution:
1. Lengthy and Detailed:
The Indian Constitution is one of the lengthiest constitutions in the world, consisting of a preamble and 470 articles, divided into 25 parts.
2. Written Constitution:
It is a written constitution, meaning that it is a formal, codified document that lays down the fundamental principles and laws of the nation.
3. Federal System with Unitary Bias:
India follows a federal system of government, where powers are divided between the central government and the states. However, the Constitution also contains certain unitary features that give more authority to the central government.
4. Parliamentary System:
India has a parliamentary system of government, where the President is the head of state, and the Prime Minister is the head of government. The President is a ceremonial figurehead, while the Prime Minister holds the executive powers.
5. Fundamental Rights:
The Indian Constitution guarantees several fundamental rights to its citizens, including the right to equality, freedom of speech and expression, freedom of religion, right to constitutional remedies, and more. These rights ensure the protection of individual liberties.
6. Directive Principles of State Policy:
The Constitution also includes Directive Principles of State Policy, which are guidelines for the government to establish social and economic justice in the country. Though not legally enforceable, they serve as moral instructions to the government.
7. Secularism:
India is a secular country, as enshrined in the Constitution. It provides for the freedom of religion and prohibits discrimination based on religion.
8. Independent Judiciary:
The Indian Constitution establishes an independent judiciary that acts as the guardian and interpreter of the Constitution. The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial authority in the country.
9. Universal Adult Suffrage:
The Constitution provides for universal adult suffrage, ensuring that every citizen above the age of 18 has the right to vote in elections.
10. Amendment Procedure:
The Constitution allows for amendments to be made to accommodate changing circumstances and needs. Amendments require a special majority in both houses of Parliament or a majority of states' approval.
These are just a few prominent features of the Indian Constitution. It is a dynamic and living document that has evolved over time through various amendments and interpretations by the judiciary.
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